1923-nji \u00fdyl\u00adda Lui De Bro\u00fdl elekt\u00adron\u00adla\u00adry\u0148 tol\u00adkun h\u00e4\u00adsi\u00ad\u00fdet\u00adli he\u00adre\u00adket ed\u00ad\u00fd\u00e4n\u00addi\u00adgi\u00adni su\u00adbut ed\u00ad\u00fd\u00e4r. Bu a\u00e7y\u015f, g\u00f6\u00adr\u00e4\u00fd\u00adm\u00e4\u00adge ki\u00ad\u00e7i\u00adr\u00e4k \u00fda\u00adly bo\u00adlup g\u00f6\u00adr\u00fcn\u00adse-de, k\u00f6p yl\u00admy t\u00e4\u00adze\u00adlik\u00adle\u00adri\u0148 a\u00e7yl\u00adma\u00adgy\u00adna se\u00adb\u00e4p bol\u00ad\u00fdar. Mu\u00ad\u0148a my\u00adsal edip, elekt\u00adron mik\u00adros\u00adkop\u00adla\u00adry\u00adny g\u00f6r\u00adkez\u00admek bo\u00adlar. 1931-nji \u00fdyl\u00adda ne\u00admes alym\u00adla\u00adry Won Bor\u00adris we Ernst Aw\u00adgust Rus\u00adka \u015f\u00f6h\u00adle ge\u00ad\u00e7i\u00adri\u00adji elekt\u00adron mik\u00adros\u00adko\u00adpy\u00adny (Trans\u00admis\u00adsi\u00adon electron microscope-TEM) o\u00fd\u00adlap tap\u00ad\u00fdar\u00adlar. \u015e\u00f6h\u00adle ge\u00ad\u00e7i\u00adri\u00adji elekt\u00adron mik\u00adros\u00adko\u00adpy \u00f6r\u00e4n \u00fdu\u00adka nus\u00adga\u00adny\u0148 i\u00e7in\u00adden elekt\u00adron\u00adla\u00adry\u0148 des\u00adse\u00adsi\u00adni ge\u00ad\u00e7ir\u00admek ar\u00adka\u00adly bu nus\u00adga\u00adny\u0148 a\u015fa ulal\u00addy\u00adlan \u015fe\u00adki\u00adli\u00adni al\u00adma\u00adga m\u00fcm\u00adkin\u00ad\u00e7i\u00adlik ber\u00ad\u00fd\u00e4r. \u00d6r\u00e4n \u00fdu\u00adka nus\u00adga\u00adny\u0148 ga\u00adly\u0148\u00adly\u00adgy 0,1 mkm ter\u00adtip\u00adde bol\u00ad\u00fdar. Nus\u00adga\u00adny\u0148 i\u00e7in\u00adden ge\u00ad\u00e7en elekt\u00adron\u00adla\u00adry\u0148 des\u00adse\u00adsi mag\u00adnit lin\u00adza\u00adla\u00adry ta\u00adra\u00adpyn\u00addan ulal\u00addyl\u00ad\u00fdar we fluo\u00adres\u00adsir\u00adle\u00fd\u00adji ek\u00adran\u00adda, fo\u00adtopl\u00ad\u00fdon\u00adka\u00adda \u00fda-da zar\u00ad\u00fdad bag\u00adla\u00adny\u00ad\u015fy\u00adgy bo\u00adlan sen\u00adsor ab\u00adza\u00adlyn\u00adda (CCD ka\u00adme\u00adra) \u015fe\u00adkil alyn\u00ad\u00fdar.
\nSa\u00fd\u00adga\u00adry\u00adjy\u00adlyk de\u00adre\u00adje\u00adsi di\u00fd\u00adse\u0148 \u00fdo\u00adka\u00adry bo\u00adlan bu en\u00adjam yly\u00adm ul\u00adga\u00admyn\u00adda, a\u00fd\u00adra\u00adtyn hem, bio\u00adlo\u00adgi\u00ad\u00fda yl\u00admyn\u00adda t\u00e4\u00adze a\u00e7y\u015f\u00adla\u00adry\u0148 ama\u00adla a\u015fy\u00adryl\u00adma\u00adgy\u00adna ge\u00adti\u00adrip\u00addir. 1938-nji \u00fdyl\u00adda \u201cSie\u00admens\u201d fir\u00adma\u00adsy s\u00f6w\u00adda mak\u00adsat\u00adly il\u00adkin\u00adji \u015f\u00f6h\u00adle ge\u00ad\u00e7i\u00adri\u00adji elekt\u00adron mik\u00adros\u00adko\u00adpy\u00adny (TEM) \u00f6n\u00add\u00fcr\u00ad\u00fd\u00e4r. 1935-nji \u00fdyl\u00adda Maks Knoll il\u00adkin\u00adji ge\u00adzek ska\u00adnir\u00adle\u00fd\u00adji elekt\u00adron mik\u00adros\u00adko\u00adpy\u00adny (scan\u00adning electron microscope \u2013 SEM) i\u015f\u00adl\u00e4p ta\u00fd\u00ad\u00fdar\u00adla\u00ad\u00fdar. Ol mik\u00adros\u00adkop nus\u00adga\u00adla\u00adra ne\u00adti\u00adje\u00adli g\u00f6\u00adzeg\u00ad\u00e7i\u00adlik et\u00admek we ele\u00adment ana\u00adli\u00adzi\u00adni ge\u00ad\u00e7ir\u00admek \u00fc\u00e7in ula\u00adnyl\u00ad\u00fdar.
\n\u015eol d\u00f6\u00adw\u00fcr\u00adde Maks Knoll ska\u00adnir\u00adle\u00ad\u00fdji elekt\u00adron mik\u00adros\u00adko\u00adpy \u00fc\u00e7in pa\u00adtent al\u00adma\u00ad\u00fdar. Se\u00adb\u00e4\u00adbi ska\u00adnir\u00adle\u00ad\u00fd\u00adji elekt\u00adron mik\u00adros\u00adko\u00adpy\u00adny\u0148 sa\u00fd\u00adga\u00adry\u00adjy\u00adlyk uky\u00adby \u015f\u00f6h\u00adle ge\u00ad\u00e7i\u00adri\u00adji elekt\u00adron mik\u00adros\u00adko\u00adpy\u00adny\u0148 sa\u00fd\u00adga\u00adry\u00adjy\u00adlyk uky\u00adbyn\u00addan pes\u00adr\u00e4k bo\u00adlup\u00addyr. Em\u00adma h\u00e4\u00adzir\u00adki d\u00f6\u00adw\u00fcr\u00adde iki elekt\u00adron mik\u00adros\u00adko\u00adpy hem di\u00fd\u00adse\u0148 i\u015fje\u0148 ula\u00adnyl\u00ad\u00fdar we bi\u00adze na\u00adno\u00adma\u00adte\u00adri\u00adal\u00adlar ba\u00adra\u00adda \u00e4girt uly, um\u00adma\u00adsyz mag\u00adlu\u00admat\u00adla\u00adry al\u00adma\u00adga m\u00fcm\u00adkin\u00ad\u00e7i\u00adlik ber\u00ad\u00fd\u00e4r\u00adler.
\n1942-nji \u00fdyl\u00adda AB\u015e-ny\u0148 RCA (Ra\u00addio Cor\u00adpo\u00adra\u00adti\u00adon of Ame\u00adrica) bar\u00adlag\u00adha\u00adna\u00adsy\u00adny\u0148 h\u00fc\u00adn\u00e4r\u00adme\u00adni Wladimir Zwo\u00adry\u00adkin ga\u00adty ji\u00adsim\u00adle\u00adri\u0148 \u00fcst gat\u00adla\u00adgy\u00adny sel\u00adjer\u00admek \u00fc\u00e7in il\u00adkin\u00adji ge\u00adzek ska\u00adnir\u00adle\u00fd\u00adji elekt\u00adron mik\u00adros\u00adko\u00adpy\u00adny (SEM) ulan\u00ad\u00fdar. \u015eon\u00adda ska\u00adnir\u00adle\u00ad\u00fdji elekt\u00adron mik\u00adros\u00adko\u00adpy\u00adny\u0148 sa\u00fd\u00adga\u00adry\u00adjy\u00adlyk uky\u00adby 50 nm (na\u00adno\u00admetr) \u00f6l\u00ad\u00e7e\u00adgi\u00adne ba\u00adra\u00adbar bo\u00adlup\u00addyr. H\u00e4\u00adzir\u00adki d\u00f6\u00adw\u00fcr\u00adde bu g\u00f6r\u00adke\u00adzi\u00adji 1 nm (na\u00adno\u00admetr) \u00f6l\u00ad\u00e7e\u00adgi\u00adne de\u0148. Ener\u00adgi\u00ad\u00fda fil\u00adte\u00adri (r-fil\u00adter) na\u00adno\u00adgur\u00adlu\u015f\u00adla\u00adry\u0148 \u00fcs\u00adt\u00fc\u00adni\u0148 mor\u00adfo\u00adlo\u00adgi\u00ad\u00fda\u00adsy\u00adny i\u00e7\u00adgin \u00f6w\u00adren\u00adm\u00e4\u00adge m\u00fcm\u00adkin\u00ad\u00e7i\u00adlik ber\u00ad\u00fd\u00e4r. 1965-nji \u00fdyl\u00adda ska\u00adnir\u00adle\u00fd\u00adji elekt\u00adron mik\u00adros\u00adko\u00adpy (SEM) s\u00f6w\u00adda mak\u00adsat\u00adly \u00f6n\u00add\u00fc\u00adri\u00adlip ba\u015f\u00adlan\u00ad\u00fdar.
\nH\u00e4\u00adzir\u00adki wagt\u00adda T\u00fcrk\u00adme\u00adnis\u00adta\u00adny\u0148 Ylym\u00adlar aka\u00adde\u00admi\u00ad\u00fda\u00adsy\u00adny\u0148 Teh\u00adno\u00adlo\u00adgi\u00ad\u00fda\u00adlar mer\u00adke\u00adzin\u00adde \u00dda\u00adpo\u00adni\u00ad\u00fda\u00adny\u0148 \u201cJe\u00adol\u201d kom\u00adpa\u00adni\u00ad\u00fda\u00adsy\u00adny\u0148 \u015f\u00f6h\u00adle ge\u00ad\u00e7i\u00adri\u00adji elekt\u00adron mik\u00adros\u00adko\u00adpy (TEM), ska\u00adnir\u00adle\u00fd\u00adji elekt\u00adron mik\u00adros\u00adko\u00adpy (SEM) ar\u00adka\u00adly yl\u00admy bar\u00adlag\u00adlar ge\u00ad\u00e7i\u00adril\u00ad\u00fd\u00e4r. Bu en\u00adjam\u00adlar der\u00adman se\u00adna\u00adga\u00adtyn\u00adda, bio\u00adlo\u00adgi\u00ad\u00fda yl\u00admyn\u00adda, al\u00adter\u00adna\u00adtiw ener\u00adgi\u00ad\u00fda \u00e7e\u015f\u00adme\u00adle\u00adri\u00adni al\u00admak\u00adda pe\u00fd\u00adda\u00adla\u00adnyl\u00adjak G\u00fcn pa\u00adnel\u00adle\u00adri\u00adni\u0148 i\u015f\u00adle\u00adnip ta\u00fd\u00ad\u00fdar\u00adlan\u00adma\u00adgyn\u00adda ula\u00adnyl\u00adjak ma\u00adte\u00adri\u00adal\u00adla\u00adry \u00fda\u00adsa\u00admak\u00adda ula\u00adnyl\u00ad\u00fdar. \u015ee\u00fd\u00adle hem Teh\u00adno\u00adlo\u00adgi\u00ad\u00fda\u00adlar mer\u00adke\u00adzin\u00adde d\u00fcn\u00ad\u00fd\u00e4\u00adni\u0148 \u00f6\u0148\u00adde\u00adba\u00adry\u00adjy \u00f6n\u00fcm \u00f6n\u00add\u00fc\u00adri\u00adji\u00adle\u00adri\u00adni\u0148 \u00fdo\u00adka\u00adry hil\u00adli anyk\u00adla\u00fd\u00adjy, ana\u00adliz edi\u00adji en\u00adjam\u00adla\u00adry pe\u00fd\u00adda\u00adla\u00adny\u00adlyp, yl\u00admy g\u00f6zlegleri amala a\u015fyrmakda, t\u00e4\u00adze \u00f6n\u00fcm\u00adle\u00adri i\u015fl\u00e4p ta\u00fd\u00fdarlamakda ula\u00adnyl\u00ad\u00fdar.
\nHormatly Prezidentimizi\u0148 ta\u00adgal\u00adlasy bilen 2014-nji \u00fdylda gurlup ulan\u00admaga berlen Tehnologi\u00fdalar mer\u00adkezi \u00fdurdumyzy\u0148 innowasion yk\u00addysady\u00fdetini\u0148 esasyny d\u00fczm\u00e4ge g\u00f6\u00adn\u00fckdirilendir. Bu Merkez adam seri\u015fdesini we \u201cbilimler ykdysady\u00fdetini\u201d \u00f6sd\u00fcrm\u00e4ge, T\u00fcrkmenistany\u0148 ykdysady we tehnologik howpsuzlygyny \u00fcpj\u00fcn etm\u00e4ge \u00fdardam etmek bilen, ylmy \u00e7\u00f6zg\u00fctleri, i\u015fl\u00e4p ta\u00fd\u00fdarlamalary bir bitewi ulgama birle\u015fdir\u00fd\u00e4n we olary \u00f6n\u00fcm\u00e7ilige orna\u015fdyr\u00fdan esasy edarasydyr.<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
1923-nji \u00fdyl\u00adda Lui De Bro\u00fdl elekt\u00adron\u00adla\u00adry\u0148 tol\u00adkun h\u00e4\u00adsi\u00ad\u00fdet\u00adli he\u00adre\u00adket ed\u00ad\u00fd\u00e4n\u00addi\u00adgi\u00adni su\u00adbut ed\u00ad\u00fd\u00e4r. Bu a\u00e7y\u015f, g\u00f6\u00adr\u00e4\u00fd\u00adm\u00e4\u00adge ki\u00ad\u00e7i\u00adr\u00e4k \u00fda\u00adly bo\u00adlup g\u00f6\u00adr\u00fcn\u00adse-de, k\u00f6p yl\u00admy t\u00e4\u00adze\u00adlik\u00adle\u00adri\u0148 a\u00e7yl\u00adma\u00adgy\u00adna se\u00adb\u00e4p bol\u00ad\u00fdar. Mu\u00ad\u0148a my\u00adsal edip, elekt\u00adron mik\u00adros\u00adkop\u00adla\u00adry\u00adny g\u00f6r\u00adkez\u00admek bo\u00adlar. 1931-nji \u00fdyl\u00adda ne\u00admes alym\u00adla\u00adry Won Bor\u00adris we Ernst Aw\u00adgust Rus\u00adka \u015f\u00f6h\u00adle ge\u00ad\u00e7i\u00adri\u00adji elekt\u00adron mik\u00adros\u00adko\u00adpy\u00adny (Trans\u00admis\u00adsi\u00adon electron microscope-TEM) o\u00fd\u00adlap tap\u00ad\u00fdar\u00adlar. \u015e\u00f6h\u00adle ge\u00ad\u00e7i\u00adri\u00adji elekt\u00adron mik\u00adros\u00adko\u00adpy […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[8],"tags":[],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/zamanturkmenistan.com.tm\/%77%70%2d%6a%73%6f%6e\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5729"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/zamanturkmenistan.com.tm\/%77%70%2d%6a%73%6f%6e\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/zamanturkmenistan.com.tm\/%77%70%2d%6a%73%6f%6e\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zamanturkmenistan.com.tm\/%77%70%2d%6a%73%6f%6e\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zamanturkmenistan.com.tm\/%77%70%2d%6a%73%6f%6e\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=5729"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/zamanturkmenistan.com.tm\/%77%70%2d%6a%73%6f%6e\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5729\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/zamanturkmenistan.com.tm\/%77%70%2d%6a%73%6f%6e\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=5729"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zamanturkmenistan.com.tm\/%77%70%2d%6a%73%6f%6e\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=5729"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zamanturkmenistan.com.tm\/%77%70%2d%6a%73%6f%6e\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=5729"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}