<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u00c7ap et\u00admek \u2013 il\u00adkin\u00adji g\u00f6r\u00adn\u00fc\u00ad\u015fi \u00fda-da nus\u00adga\u00adny ula\u00adnyp, teks\u00adti we \u015fe\u00adkil\u00adle\u00adri k\u00f6p\u00ad\u00e7\u00fc\u00adli\u00adge \u00fda\u00fd\u00adrat\u00admak i\u015fi\u00addir. Ir\u00adki \u00e7ap et\u00admek\u00adli\u00adge m\u00f6\u00adh\u00fcr\u00adler de\u00adgi\u015f\u00adli bo\u00adlup dur\u00ad\u00fdar. Ka\u00adgy\u00adza \u00e7ap et\u00admek \u00fc\u00e7in \u00fda\u00adsa\u00adlan aga\u00e7 ga\u00adlyp\u00adlar mi\u00adla\u00addy\u00addan \u00f6\u0148\u00adki 220-nji \u00fdyl\u00adlar\u00adda Hy\u00adta\u00fd\u00adda pe\u00fd\u00adda bol\u00ad\u00fdar. 1040-njy \u00fdyl\u00adda Bi \u015eeng far\u00adfor\u00addan hy\u00adta\u00fd ie\u00adrog\u00adlif\u00adle\u00adri \u00fc\u00e7in il\u00adkin\u00adji g\u00f6\u00e7\u00adme g\u00f6r\u00adn\u00fc\u015f\u00adli \u00e7ap edi\u00adji ga\u00adly\u00adby ta\u00fd\u00ad\u00fdar\u00adla\u00ad\u00fdar. Pal\u00ad\u00e7yk\u00addan \u00fda\u00adsa\u00adlan\u00addy\u00adgy se\u00adb\u00e4p\u00adli, g\u00f6\u00e7\u00adme ga\u00adlyp tiz d\u00f6w\u00adl\u00fcp\u00addir hem-de ka\u00adgy\u00adzy\u0148 \u00fd\u00fc\u00adz\u00fcn\u00adde do\u00adly yz gal\u00addyr\u00adman\u00addyr. 1298-nji \u00fdyl\u00adda Wan Zhen hy\u00adta\u00fd \u00fda\u00adzu\u00adwy \u00fc\u00e7in ga\u00adly\u00adby\u0148 aga\u00e7\u00addan o\u00fdu\u00adlyp \u00fda\u00adsa\u00adlan g\u00f6r\u00adn\u00fc\u00ad\u015fi\u00adni d\u00f6\u00adred\u00ad\u00fd\u00e4r. Bu ylym\u00adda \u00abksi\u00adlog\u00adra\u00adfi\u00ad\u00fda\u00bb di\u00fd\u00adlip at\u00adlan\u00addy\u00adryl\u00ad\u00fdar.
Mis\u00adden g\u00f6\u00ad\u00e7\u00fc\u00adril\u00ad\u00fd\u00e4n g\u00f6r\u00adn\u00fc\u015f\u00adli \u00e7ap et\u00admek XII asy\u00adry\u0148 ba\u00ad\u015fyn\u00adda Hy\u00adta\u00fd\u00adda d\u00f6\u00adre\u00ad\u00fd\u00e4r we ka\u00adgyz pul\u00adla\u00adry \u00e7ap et\u00admek\u00adde ula\u00adnyl\u00ad\u00fdar. So\u0148\u00adra bu usul Ko\u00adre\u00ad\u00fda \u00fda\u00fd\u00adrap, tak\u00admy\u00adnan 1230-njy \u00fdyl\u00adda b\u00fc\u00adr\u00fcn\u00e7 ula\u00adny\u00adlyp, me\u00adtal g\u00f6r\u00adn\u00fc\u015f\u00adli \u00e7ap edi\u00adji\u00ad o\u00fd\u00adla\u00adnyp ta\u00adpyl\u00ad\u00fdar. XIV asy\u00adry\u0148 ahyr\u00adla\u00adry\u00adna XV asy\u00adry\u0148 ba\u015f\u00adla\u00adry\u00adna \u00ddew\u00adro\u00adpa hem bu usul \u00fda\u00fd\u00adra\u00ad\u00fdar.
Ger\u00adma\u00adni\u00ad\u00fda\u00adly zer\u00adg\u00e4r \u00ddo\u00adhan\u00adnes Gu\u00adten\u00adberg a\u00fd\u00adra\u00adtyn sa\u00adhy\u00adpa\u00adlar\u00addan \u00fdyg\u00adna\u00adlan ki\u00adtap\u00adla\u00adry ne\u00ad\u015fir et\u00adme\u00adgi o\u00fd\u00adlap tap\u00ad\u00fdar. Ne\u00adti\u00adje\u00adde, 1436-njy \u00fdyl\u00adda gym\u00admat\u00adba\u00adha da\u015f ke\u00adsi\u00adji And\u00adre\u00adas Drit\u00adze\u00adhen we ka\u00adgyz fab\u00adri\u00adgi\u00adni\u0148 e\u00fde\u00adsi And\u00adre\u00adas He\u00adil\u00admann bi\u00adlen bi\u00adle\u00adlik\u00adde \u00e7ap\u00adha\u00adna i\u015fi\u00adne ba\u015f\u00adla\u00ad\u00fdar. Ba\u00adsy\u015f ula\u00adnyp \u00e7ap ed\u00ad\u00fd\u00e4n me\u00adha\u00adnik en\u00adjam be\u00fd\u00adle\u00adki g\u00f6r\u00adn\u00fc\u015f\u00adler\u00adden has \u00e7alt \u00e7ap ed\u00ad\u00fd\u00e4n\u00addi\u00adgi we \u00e7y\u00addam\u00adly\u00adly\u00adgy bi\u00adlen ta\u00adpa\u00adwut\u00adlan\u00ad\u00fdar. Mun\u00addan ba\u015f\u00adga-da, o\u0148a or\u00adna\u015f\u00addy\u00adry\u00adlan me\u00adtal g\u00f6r\u00adn\u00fc\u015f\u00adli b\u00f6\u00adlek\u00adler ber\u00adk\u00e4p, harp\u00adlar bir\u00adme\u0148\u00adze\u015f g\u00f6r\u00adn\u00fc\u015f\u00adli \u00f6l\u00ad\u00e7e\u00adge ge\u00e7\u00ad\u00fd\u00e4r. Bu il\u00adkin\u00adji \u015frift\u00adle\u00adri\u0148 d\u00f6\u00adre\u00adme\u00adgi\u00adne se\u00adb\u00e4p bol\u00ad\u00fdar. Gu\u00adten\u00adber\u00adgi\u0148 o\u00fd\u00adlap ta\u00adpan \u00e7ap edi\u00adji ma\u00ad\u015fy\u00adny ti\u00adza\u00adra il\u00adki \u00ddew\u00adro\u00adpa, so\u0148\u00adra bol\u00adsa b\u00fc\u00adtin d\u00fcn\u00ad\u00fd\u00e4 \u00fda\u00fd\u00adra\u00ad\u00fdar. Bu en\u00adjam k\u00f6p\u00ad\u00e7\u00fc\u00adlik\u00adle\u00ad\u00fdin \u00e7ap et\u00adme\u00adgi\u0148 il\u00adkin\u00adji \u00e4di\u00admi ha\u00adsap\u00adlan\u00ad\u00fdar. \u015eon\u00addan so\u0148\u00adra ne\u00ad\u015fir\u00ad\u00fdat i\u015fi k\u00e4\u00admil\u00adle\u00ad\u015fip ba\u015f\u00adla\u00ad\u00fdar.
Ti\u00adpog\u00adra\u00adfik tekst \u00f6n\u00fcm\u00ad\u00e7i\u00adli\u00adgi\u00adni\u0148 \u00e7alt\u00adly\u00adgy il\u00adkin\u00adji ga\u00adzet\u00adle\u00adri\u0148 d\u00f6\u00adre\u00adme\u00adgi\u00adne se\u00adb\u00e4p bol\u00ad\u00fdar. \u015eol d\u00f6\u00adw\u00fcr\u00adde iri yk\u00addy\u00adsa\u00addy we t\u00e4\u00adjir\u00ad\u00e7i\u00adlik mer\u00adke\u00adzi bo\u00adlan We\u00adne\u00adsi\u00ad\u00fda \u00ddew\u00adro\u00adpa\u00adda il\u00adkin\u00adji el\u00ad\u00fdaz\u00adma ga\u00adzet\u00adle\u00adri\u0148 (\u00abGa\u00adzet\u00bb s\u00f6\u00adzi We\u00adne\u00adsi\u00ad\u00fda\u00adny\u0148 pul bir\u00adli\u00adgi bo\u00adlan \u00abga\u00adze\u00adta\u00bb s\u00f6\u00adz\u00fcn\u00adden ge\u00adlip \u00e7y\u00adkyp\u00addyr. \u015eol d\u00f6\u00adw\u00fcr\u00adde oky\u00adjy\u00adlar t\u00e4\u00adze\u00adlik\u00adler \u00fda\u00adzy\u00adlan ka\u00adgyz\u00adla\u00adry \u00abga\u00adze\u00adta\u00bb at\u00adly \u015fa\u00ad\u00fdy pu\u00adla sa\u00adtyn alyp\u00addyr\u00adlar. \u015ee\u00fd\u00adle\u00adlik bi\u00adlen \u00abga\u00adzet\u00bb s\u00f6\u00adzi k\u00f6p di\u00adle or\u00adna\u015f\u00ad\u00fdar) esa\u00adsy\u00adny go\u00ad\u00fdu\u00adjy ha\u00adsap\u00adlan\u00ad\u00fdar.
1800-nji \u00fdyl\u00adda Lord Stan\u00adho\u00adpe Gu\u00adten\u00adber\u00adgi\u0148 el bi\u00adlen do\u00adlan\u00addy\u00adryl\u00ad\u00fdan \u00e7ap edi\u00adji en\u00adja\u00admy\u00adny k\u00e4\u00admil\u00adle\u015f\u00addi\u00adrip, \u00f6\u0148\u00adk\u00fc\u00adden iki es\u00adse uly g\u00f6w\u00adr\u00fc\u00admi \u00e7ap ed\u00ad\u00fd\u00e4n hem-de do\u00adlan\u00addyr\u00admak \u00fc\u00e7in az g\u00fc\u00fd\u00e7 sarp edil\u00ad\u00fd\u00e4n t\u00e4\u00adze en\u00adja\u00admy i\u015f\u00adl\u00e4p d\u00fcz\u00ad\u00fd\u00e4r.
1810-njy \u00fdyl\u00adda ger\u00adma\u00adni\u00ad\u00fda\u00adly Koe\u00adnig ne\u00admes in\u00ad\u017ee\u00adne\u00adri And\u00adre\u00adas Frid\u00adrih Baue\u00adri\u0148 k\u00f6\u00adme\u00adgi bi\u00adlen \u00e7ap en\u00adja\u00admy\u00adny\u0148 bug bi\u00adlen i\u015f\u00adle\u00ad\u00fd\u00e4n g\u00f6r\u00adn\u00fc\u00ad\u015fi\u00adni \u00f6n\u00add\u00fcr\u00ad\u00fd\u00e4r. Bu en\u00adjam 1814-nji \u00fdyl\u00adda re\u00addak\u00adsi\u00ad\u00fda\u00adsy Lon\u00addon\u00adda \u00fder\u00adle\u015f\u00ad\u00fd\u00e4n bel\u00adli \u00abThe Ti\u00admes\u00bb ga\u00adze\u00adti\u00adne sa\u00adtyl\u00ad\u00fdar.
1843-nji \u00fdyl\u00adda ame\u00adri\u00adka\u00adly Ri\u00ad\u00e7ard M.Hoe bug bi\u00adlen i\u015f\u00adle\u00ad\u00fd\u00e4n a\u00fd\u00adlaw\u00adly \u00e7ap\u00adha\u00adna en\u00adja\u00admy\u00adny d\u00f6\u00adred\u00ad\u00fd\u00e4r. Bu o\u00fd\u00adlap ta\u00adpy\u015f met\u00adbu\u00adga\u00adty\u0148 \u00f6s\u00fc\u00ad\u015fi\u00adne uly iter\u00adgi ber\u00ad\u00fd\u00e4r. On\u00addan so\u0148\u00adra \u00e7ap edi\u00adji en\u00adja\u00admy\u00ad\u0148 san\u00adly, sy\u00ad\u00fda\u00adly, elekt\u00adro\u00adfo\u00adtog\u00adra\u00adfi\u00ad\u00fda\u00adly, la\u00adzer\u00adli, ga\u00adty sy\u00ad\u00fda\u00adly, gu\u00adrak sy\u00ad\u00fda\u00adly, 3D (\u00fc\u00e7 \u00f6l\u00ad\u00e7eg\u00adli) \u00e7ap et\u00admek \u00fda\u00adly bir\u00adn\u00e4\u00ad\u00e7e g\u00f6r\u00adn\u00fc\u015f\u00adle\u00adri o\u00fd\u00adla\u00adnyp ta\u00adpyl\u00ad\u00fdar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Gy\u00adzyk\u00adly mag\u00adlu\u00admat\u00adlar:<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n \u00dda\u00adzuw ma\u00ad\u015fyn\u00adka\u00adsy prin\u00adter\u00adle\u00adri\u0148 we kla\u00adwia\u00adtu\u00adra\u00adla\u00adry\u0148 ba\u015f\u00adlan\u00adgy\u00adjy ha\u00adsap\u00adla\u00adnyp, 1868-nji \u00fdyl\u00adda Kris\u00adto\u00adfer \u015eo\u00adles ta\u00adra\u00adpyn\u00addan o\u00fd\u00adla\u00adnyp ta\u00adpyl\u00ad\u00fdar. \u00c7ap et\u00admek \u2013 il\u00adkin\u00adji g\u00f6r\u00adn\u00fc\u00ad\u015fi \u00fda-da nus\u00adga\u00adny ula\u00adnyp, teks\u00adti we \u015fe\u00adkil\u00adle\u00adri k\u00f6p\u00ad\u00e7\u00fc\u00adli\u00adge \u00fda\u00fd\u00adrat\u00admak i\u015fi\u00addir. Ir\u00adki \u00e7ap et\u00admek\u00adli\u00adge m\u00f6\u00adh\u00fcr\u00adler de\u00adgi\u015f\u00adli bo\u00adlup dur\u00ad\u00fdar. Ka\u00adgy\u00adza \u00e7ap et\u00admek \u00fc\u00e7in \u00fda\u00adsa\u00adlan aga\u00e7 ga\u00adlyp\u00adlar mi\u00adla\u00addy\u00addan \u00f6\u0148\u00adki 220-nji \u00fdyl\u00adlar\u00adda Hy\u00adta\u00fd\u00adda pe\u00fd\u00adda bol\u00ad\u00fdar. 1040-njy \u00fdyl\u00adda Bi \u015eeng far\u00adfor\u00addan hy\u00adta\u00fd ie\u00adrog\u00adlif\u00adle\u00adri \u00fc\u00e7in il\u00adkin\u00adji g\u00f6\u00e7\u00adme g\u00f6r\u00adn\u00fc\u015f\u00adli \u00e7ap edi\u00adji ga\u00adly\u00adby ta\u00fd\u00ad\u00fdar\u00adla\u00ad\u00fdar. Pal\u00ad\u00e7yk\u00addan \u00fda\u00adsa\u00adlan\u00addy\u00adgy se\u00adb\u00e4p\u00adli, g\u00f6\u00e7\u00adme ga\u00adlyp […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":63120,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[9],"tags":[],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/zamanturkmenistan.com.tm\/%77%70%2d%6a%73%6f%6e\/wp\/v2\/posts\/63119"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/zamanturkmenistan.com.tm\/%77%70%2d%6a%73%6f%6e\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/zamanturkmenistan.com.tm\/%77%70%2d%6a%73%6f%6e\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zamanturkmenistan.com.tm\/%77%70%2d%6a%73%6f%6e\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zamanturkmenistan.com.tm\/%77%70%2d%6a%73%6f%6e\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=63119"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/zamanturkmenistan.com.tm\/%77%70%2d%6a%73%6f%6e\/wp\/v2\/posts\/63119\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":63121,"href":"https:\/\/zamanturkmenistan.com.tm\/%77%70%2d%6a%73%6f%6e\/wp\/v2\/posts\/63119\/revisions\/63121"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zamanturkmenistan.com.tm\/%77%70%2d%6a%73%6f%6e\/wp\/v2\/media\/63120"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/zamanturkmenistan.com.tm\/%77%70%2d%6a%73%6f%6e\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=63119"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zamanturkmenistan.com.tm\/%77%70%2d%6a%73%6f%6e\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=63119"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zamanturkmenistan.com.tm\/%77%70%2d%6a%73%6f%6e\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=63119"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}
Re\u00adming\u00adton-Rand ta\u00adra\u00adpyn\u00addan 1953-nji \u00fdyl\u00adda il\u00adkin\u00adji \u00fdo\u00adka\u00adry tiz\u00adlik\u00adli prin\u00adter UNIVAC komp\u00ad\u00fdu\u00adte\u00adrin\u00adde ulan\u00admak \u00fc\u00e7in i\u015f\u00adle\u00adnip d\u00fc\u00adz\u00fcl\u00ad\u00fd\u00e4r.
IBM 1957-nji \u00fdyl\u00adda il\u00adkin\u00adji no\u00adkat mat\u00adri\u00adsa prin\u00adte\u00adri\u00adni i\u015f\u00adl\u00e4p d\u00fcz\u00ad\u00fd\u00e4r.
\u00abShins\u00adhu Sei\u00adki Co.\u00bb kom\u00adpa\u00adni\u00ad\u00fda\u00adsy 1968-nji \u00fdyl\u00adda il\u00adkin\u00adji elekt\u00adron mi\u00adnip\u00adrin\u00adte\u00adri d\u00f6\u00adred\u00ad\u00fd\u00e4r.
Ga\u00adry Stark\u00adwe\u00adat\u00adher 1971-nji \u00fdyl\u00adda \u00abXerox 7000\u00bb nus\u00adga\u00adsy\u00adny \u00fc\u00fdt\u00adge\u00addip, il\u00adkin\u00adji la\u00adzerli prin\u00adter d\u00f6\u00adred\u00ad\u00fd\u00e4r.
Sy\u00ad\u00fda p\u00fcrk\u00ad\u00fd\u00e4n (ink\u00adjet) il\u00adkin\u00adji prin\u00adter 1976-njy \u00fdyl\u00adda \u00abHew\u00adlett-Packard\u00bb kom\u00adpa\u00adni\u00ad\u00fda\u00adsy\u00adny\u0148 h\u00fc\u00adn\u00e4r\u00admen\u00adle\u00adri ta\u00adra\u00adpyn\u00addan i\u015f\u00adle\u00adnip d\u00fc\u00adz\u00fcl\u00ad\u00fd\u00e4r.
1976-njy \u00fdyl\u00adda IBM kom\u00adpa\u00adni\u00ad\u00fda\u00adsy \u00abIBM 3800\u00bb at\u00adly \u00fdo\u00adka\u00adry tiz\u00adlik\u00adli la\u00adzerli prin\u00adte\u00adri\u00adni h\u00f6\u00add\u00fcr\u00adle\u00ad\u00fd\u00e4r.
1977-nji \u00fdyl\u00adda \u00abSie\u00admens\u00bb kom\u00adpa\u00adni\u00ad\u00fda\u00adsy\u00adny\u0148 h\u00fc\u00adn\u00e4r\u00admen\u00adle\u00adri ka\u00adgy\u00adzy\u0148 ze\u00adrur bo\u00adlan \u00fde\u00adri\u00adne sy\u00ad\u00fda sep\u00ad\u00fd\u00e4n (DOD) prin\u00adte\u00adr d\u00f6\u00adred\u00ad\u00fd\u00e4r\u00adler.
1979-njy \u00fdyl\u00adda \u00abCanon\u00bb kom\u00adpa\u00adni\u00ad\u00fda\u00adsy \u00fda\u00adrym\u00adge\u00ad\u00e7i\u00adri\u00adji la\u00adzer \u015f\u00f6h\u00adle\u00adli prin\u00adter (\u00abLBP-10\u00bb) bi\u00adlen ta\u00adny\u015f\u00addyr\u00ad\u00fdar.
\u00abHew\u00adlett-Packard\u00bb il\u00adkin\u00adji la\u00adzerli prin\u00adte\u00adri \u00abHP La\u00adser\u00adJet\u00bb-i 1984-nji \u00fdyl\u00adda h\u00f6\u00add\u00fcr\u00adle\u00ad\u00fd\u00e4r.
D\u00f6w\u00adre\u00adbap 3D prin\u00adter\u00adle\u00adri\u0148 k\u00f6\u00adp\u00fc\u00adsi 1988-nji \u00fdyl\u00adda Skott Krump ta\u00adra\u00adpyn\u00addan i\u015f\u00adle\u00adnip d\u00fc\u00adz\u00fcl\u00ad\u00fd\u00e4r. \u00dc\u00e7 \u00f6l\u00ad\u00e7eg\u00adli \u00e7ap ed\u00ad\u00fd\u00e4n bu prin\u00adter\u00adler h\u00e4\u00adzir\u00adki wagt\u00adda gur\u00adlu\u00ad\u015fyk\u00adda, kos\u00admos pu\u00adda\u00adgyn\u00adda we se\u00adna\u00adgat \u00f6n\u00fcm\u00ad\u00e7i\u00adli\u00adgin\u00adde gi\u0148\u00adden ula\u00adnyl\u00ad\u00fdar.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"