Teh\u00adno\u00adlo\u00adgi\u00ad\u00fda\u00adny\u0148 \u00f6n\u00fc\u00admi ha\u00adsaplan\u00fdan hem bolsa, do\u0148\u00addur\u00adma as\u00adlyn\u00adda, has ir\u00adki d\u00f6\u00adw\u00fcr\u00adler\u00adden b\u00e4\u00adri i\u0148 ha\u00adla\u00adnyp i\u00fdil\u00ad\u00fd\u00e4n dat\u00adly ta\u00adgam\u00adla\u00adry\u0148 bi\u00adri\u00addir. Ga\u00addy\u00admy d\u00f6\u00adw\u00fcr\u00adler\u00adde Hy\u00adta\u00fd\u00adda, Rim\u00adde we M\u00fc\u00ads\u00fcr\u00adde bu i\u00fd\u00admi\u00adti\u0148 bar\u00addy\u00adgy a\u00fd\u00addyl\u00ad\u00fdan hem bol\u00adsa, h\u00e4\u00adzir\u00adki\u00adle\u00adre me\u0148\u00adze\u015f do\u0148\u00addur\u00adma\u00adny\u0148 E\u00fd\u00adran\u00adda ta\u00fd\u00ad\u00fdar\u00adla\u00adnan\u00addy\u00adgy ba\u00adra\u00adda mag\u00adlu\u00admat\u00adlar bar. Ir\u00adki d\u00f6\u00adw\u00fcr\u00adler\u00adde dag\u00adla\u00adry\u0148 \u00fdap\u00adgyt\u00adla\u00adryn\u00adda \u00e7u\u00adkur ga\u00adzyp, ony gar bi\u00adlen dol\u00addur\u00ad\u00fdan eken\u00adler. De\u00adp\u00e4\u00adni\u0148 gu\u00adza\u00fd ta\u00adra\u00adpyn\u00adda gu\u00adrul\u00ad\u00fdan \u00fdah\u00addan\u00adlar to\u00admus pas\u00adlyn\u00adda adam\u00adla\u00adra so\u00adwa\u00addy\u00adjy h\u00f6k\u00adm\u00fcn\u00adde hyz\u00admat edip\u00addir. \u00dde\u00adri ge\u00adlen\u00adde a\u00fdt\u00adsak, \u015fe\u00fd\u00adle des\u00adga\u00adla\u00adry\u0148 bi\u00adzi\u0148 \u00fdur\u00addu\u00admyz\u00adda hem h\u00e4\u00adzir\u00adki g\u00fcn\u00adle\u00adre \u00e7en\u00adli sak\u00adla\u00adnyp ga\u00adlan\u00addy\u00adgy bel\u00adl\u00e4r\u00adlik\u00adli\u00addir. Il\u00adkin\u00adji do\u0148\u00addur\u00adma\u00adlar hem \u00fdah\u00addan\u00adda\u00adky buza s\u00fc\u00fdt, ga\u00fd\u00admak, bal, \u015fer\u00adbet, d\u00fcr\u00adli ys\u00adly ot\u00adlar se\u00adpi\u00adlip, bir\u00adn\u00e4\u00ad\u00e7e wagt sak\u00adlan\u00adma\u00adgy ne\u00adti\u00adje\u00adsin\u00adde ta\u00fd\u00ad\u00fdar\u00adla\u00adnyp\u00addyr. Ga\u00addy\u00admy Gre\u00adsi\u00ad\u00fda\u00adda Afi\u00adny\u00adda buz k\u00e4\u00adse\u00adle\u00adri\u00adni\u0148 i\u00e7in\u00adde mi\u00adwe\u00adden ta\u00fd\u00ad\u00fdar\u00adla\u00adnan so\u00adwuk ta\u00adga\u00admy\u0148 sa\u00adty\u00adlan\u00addy\u00adgy, Azi\u00ad\u00fda \u00fdurt\u00adla\u00adryn\u00adda s\u00fc\u00fdt\u00adden we bal\u00addan ta\u00fd\u00ad\u00fdar\u00adla\u00adnan so\u00adwuk s\u00fc\u00fd\u00adj\u00fc\u00adli\u00adgi\u0148 bo\u00adlan\u00addy\u00adgy, Rim im\u00adpe\u00adri\u00ad\u00fda\u00adsy d\u00f6w\u00adr\u00fcn\u00adde gurp\u00adly ma\u015f\u00adga\u00adla\u00adla\u00adry\u0148 gar\u00addan we buz\u00addan ta\u00fd\u00ad\u00fdar\u00adla\u00adnan s\u00fc\u00fd\u00adj\u00fc\u00adli\u00adgi i\u00fden\u00addi\u00adgi bel\u00adle\u00adnil\u00ad\u00fd\u00e4r.
\nItal\u00ad\u00fdan ja\u00adhan\u00adke\u015f\u00adde\u00adsi Mar\u00adko Po\u00adlo 1292-nji \u00fdyl\u00adda Uzak G\u00fcn\u00addo\u00adgar \u00fdurt\u00adla\u00adryn\u00addan ga\u00fd\u00addyp ge\u00adlen\u00adso\u0148, \u015fol \u00fder\u00adde \u00f6w\u00adre\u00adnen do\u00ad\u0148an bal\u00addan, s\u00fc\u00fdt\u00adden we ga\u00fd\u00admak\u00addan ta\u00fd\u00ad\u00fdar\u00adla\u00adnan s\u00fc\u00fd\u00adj\u00fc\u00adli\u00adgi\u0148 We\u00adne\u00adsi\u00ad\u00fda we De\u00admir\u00adga\u00adzyk Ita\u00adli\u00ad\u00fda\u00ad \u00fda\u00fd\u00adra\u00adma\u00adgy\u00adna go\u00ad\u015fant go\u00ad\u015fup\u00addyr.
\nH\u00e4\u00adzir\u00adki\u00adle\u00adre me\u0148\u00adze\u015f do\u0148\u00addur\u00adma\u00adlar \u00ddew\u00adro\u00adpa \u00fdurt\u00adla\u00adryn\u00adda XVII asyr\u00adda pe\u00fd\u00adda bo\u00adlup ba\u015f\u00adla\u00ad\u00fdar. Bu usul\u00adda ga\u00fd\u00admak bi\u00adlen ba\u00adla \u015fo\u00adko\u00adlad \u00fda-da \u00fcl\u00adje go\u00ad\u015fu\u00adlyp ta\u00fd\u00ad\u00fdar\u00adla\u00adnyp\u00addyr. Onu\u0148 so\u00adwuk bol\u00adma\u00adgy \u00fc\u00e7in gar \u00fda-da buz go\u00ad\u015fup\u00addyr\u00adlar. \u015eol \u00fdyl\u00adlar do\u0148\u00addur\u00adma ta\u00fd\u00ad\u00fdar\u00adlan\u00ad\u00fdan bed\u00adre g\u00f6r\u00adn\u00fc\u015f\u00adli gu\u00adty \u00fda\u00adsa\u00adlyp\u00addyr. Onu\u0148 i\u00e7i\u00adne ge\u00adrek\u00adli zat\u00adlar go\u00ad\u015fu\u00adlyp, en\u00addi\u00adgan ga\u00adry\u00adlyp\u00addyr.
\n1850-nji \u00fdyl\u00adlar\u00addan ba\u015f\u00adlap, do\u0148\u00addur\u00adma\u00adlar teh\u00adnikany\u0148 \u00f6s\u00adme\u00adgi\u00adni\u0148 ha\u00adsa\u00adby\u00adna uly muk\u00addar\u00adda \u00f6n\u00add\u00fc\u00adri\u00adlip ugral\u00ad\u00fdar. So\u00adwa\u00addy\u00adjy\u00adly ulag\u00adla\u00adry\u0148 pe\u00fd\u00adda bol\u00adma\u00adgy bi\u00adlen bu \u00f6n\u00fcm g\u00fcn\u00adde\u00adlik dur\u00admu\u015f\u00adda has gi\u0148\u00adden \u00fda\u00fd\u00adra\u00ad\u00fdar.
\nGe\u00ad\u00e7en asy\u00adry\u0148 or\u00adta\u00adla\u00adryn\u00adda gap\u00adla\u00adnan ta\u00fd\u00ad\u00fdar do\u0148\u00addur\u00adma\u00adlar barha \u00fda\u00fd\u00adba\u0148\u00adla\u00adn\u00ad\u00fdar. \u015eol \u00fdyl\u00adlar\u00addan ba\u015f\u00adlap, bu dat\u00adly \u00f6n\u00fcm di\u00ad\u0148e a\u00fd\u00adra\u00adtyn\u00adlyk\u00adda sa\u00adtyl\u00adman, res\u00adto\u00adran\u00adla\u00adry\u0148 ta\u00adgam\u00adna\u00adma\u00adla\u00adryn\u00adda hem \u00f6z my\u00adna\u00adsyp or\u00adnu\u00adny al\u00ad\u00fdar.
\nYs\u00adsy ho\u00adwa\u00adda i\u00fdil\u00adme\u00adgi ha\u00adlan\u00ad\u00fdan hem bol\u00adsa, do\u0148\u00addur\u00adma sarp et\u00admek\u00adde De\u00admir\u00adga\u00adzyk\u00addaky has so\u00adwuk \u00fdurt\u00adlar \u00f6\u0148\u00adde\u00adli\u00adgi e\u00fde\u00adle\u00ad\u00fd\u00e4r. Her \u00fdyl\u00adda adam ba\u00ad\u015fy\u00adna do\u0148\u00addur\u00adma sarp et\u00admek\u00adde \u015ewe\u00adsi\u00ad\u00fda (10 l), Finl\u00ad\u00fdan\u00addi\u00ad\u00fda we Nor\u00adwe\u00adgi\u00ad\u00fda (9 l), Da\u00adni\u00ad\u00fda (8 l) \u00f6\u0148\u00adde\u00adli\u00adgi elden giderenok.
\nFran\u00adsuz hi\u00admi\u00adgi Ni\u00adko\u00adla Le\u00adme\u00adri\u00adni\u0148 1674-nji \u00fdyl\u00adda\u00adky ki\u00adta\u00adbyn\u00adda do\u0148\u00addur\u00adma\u00adny\u0148 ta\u00fd\u00ad\u00fdar\u00adla\u00adny\u00ad\u015fy il\u00adkin\u00adji ge\u00adzek d\u00fc\u00ad\u015f\u00fcn\u00addi\u00adril\u00ad\u00fd\u00e4r.
\n1774-nji \u00fdy\u00adly\u0148 ma\u00fd a\u00fdyn\u00adda \u201cNew York Ga\u00adzet\u00adte\u201d ne\u00ad\u015fi\u00adrin\u00adde \u00e7ap edi\u00adlen bil\u00addi\u00adri\u015f\u00adde be\u00fd\u00adle\u00adki \u00f6n\u00fcm\u00adler bi\u00adlen bir ha\u00adtar\u00adda, do\u0148\u00addur\u00adma\u00adny\u0148 k\u00f6p\u00ad\u00e7\u00fc\u00adlik\u00adle\u00ad\u00fdin ma\u00adha\u00adba\u00adty edil\u00ad\u00fd\u00e4r. Ki\u00ad\u00e7i g\u00f6w\u00adr\u00fcm\u00adli bil\u00addi\u00adri\u015f\u00adde Fi\u00adlip\u00adpo Len\u00adzi\u00adni\u0148 Lon\u00addon\u00addan go\u00adla\u00fd\u00adda ge\u00adlen\u00addi\u00adgi we m\u00fc\u00adrep\u00adb\u00e4\u00adni\u0148, s\u00fc\u00fd\u00adji \u00f6n\u00fcm\u00adle\u00adri\u00adni\u0148 we do\u0148\u00addur\u00adma\u00adny\u0148 d\u00fcr\u00adli g\u00f6r\u00adn\u00fc\u015f\u00adle\u00adri\u00adni \u00f6n\u00add\u00fcr\u00adjek\u00addi\u00adgi we onu\u0148 sa\u00adtu\u00adwy\u00adny \u00fdo\u00adla go\u00fd\u00adjak\u00addy\u00adgy a\u00fd\u00addyl\u00ad\u00fdar.
\nTeh\u00adni\u00adka\u00adny\u0148 \u00f6s\u00adme\u00adgi ne\u00adti\u00adje\u00adsin\u00adde bol\u00adsa, do\u0148\u00addur\u00adma ta\u00fd\u00ad\u00fdar\u00adla\u00adma\u00adgy\u0148 has d\u00f6w\u00adre\u00adbap usul\u00adla\u00adry i\u015f\u00adle\u00adnip d\u00fc\u00adz\u00fc\u00adlip\u00addir. H\u00e4\u00adzir\u00adki wagt\u00adda \u00fd\u00f6\u00adri\u00adte k\u00e4r\u00adha\u00adna\u00adlar\u00adda \u00f6nd\u00fcril\u00fd\u00e4n do\u0148\u00addur\u00adma\u00adlar s\u00f6w\u00adda no\u00adkat\u00adla\u00adryn\u00adda so\u00adwa\u00addy\u00adjy\u00adlar\u00adda sa\u00adtyl\u00ad\u00fdan bol\u00adsa, ki\u00ad\u00e7e\u0148\u00adr\u00e4k en\u00adjam\u00adla\u00adrda ta\u00fd\u00ad\u00fdar\u00adla\u00adn\u00fdan do\u0148\u00addur\u00adma\u00adlar hem m\u00fc\u015fderileri\u0148 \u00f6sen islegini kanagatlandyr\u00fdar.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Teh\u00adno\u00adlo\u00adgi\u00ad\u00fda\u00adny\u0148 \u00f6n\u00fc\u00admi ha\u00adsaplan\u00fdan hem bolsa, do\u0148\u00addur\u00adma as\u00adlyn\u00adda, has ir\u00adki d\u00f6\u00adw\u00fcr\u00adler\u00adden b\u00e4\u00adri i\u0148 ha\u00adla\u00adnyp i\u00fdil\u00ad\u00fd\u00e4n dat\u00adly ta\u00adgam\u00adla\u00adry\u0148 bi\u00adri\u00addir. Ga\u00addy\u00admy d\u00f6\u00adw\u00fcr\u00adler\u00adde Hy\u00adta\u00fd\u00adda, Rim\u00adde we M\u00fc\u00ads\u00fcr\u00adde bu i\u00fd\u00admi\u00adti\u0148 bar\u00addy\u00adgy a\u00fd\u00addyl\u00ad\u00fdan hem bol\u00adsa, h\u00e4\u00adzir\u00adki\u00adle\u00adre me\u0148\u00adze\u015f do\u0148\u00addur\u00adma\u00adny\u0148 E\u00fd\u00adran\u00adda ta\u00fd\u00ad\u00fdar\u00adla\u00adnan\u00addy\u00adgy ba\u00adra\u00adda mag\u00adlu\u00admat\u00adlar bar. Ir\u00adki d\u00f6\u00adw\u00fcr\u00adler\u00adde dag\u00adla\u00adry\u0148 \u00fdap\u00adgyt\u00adla\u00adryn\u00adda \u00e7u\u00adkur ga\u00adzyp, ony gar bi\u00adlen dol\u00addur\u00ad\u00fdan eken\u00adler. De\u00adp\u00e4\u00adni\u0148 gu\u00adza\u00fd ta\u00adra\u00adpyn\u00adda gu\u00adrul\u00ad\u00fdan \u00fdah\u00addan\u00adlar to\u00admus pas\u00adlyn\u00adda […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":32423,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[9],"tags":[1181,1180,1179,611,1178,1177,1176],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/zamanturkmenistan.com.tm\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/16117"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/zamanturkmenistan.com.tm\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/zamanturkmenistan.com.tm\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zamanturkmenistan.com.tm\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zamanturkmenistan.com.tm\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=16117"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/zamanturkmenistan.com.tm\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/16117\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zamanturkmenistan.com.tm\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/32423"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/zamanturkmenistan.com.tm\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=16117"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zamanturkmenistan.com.tm\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=16117"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zamanturkmenistan.com.tm\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=16117"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}