M\u00e4\u00adlim bol\u00ad\u015fu\u00adna g\u00f6\u00adr\u00e4, pul mah\u00adsus bo\u00adlan ha\u00adryt we be\u00fd\u00adle\u00adki ha\u00adryt\u00adla\u00adry\u0148 hem-de hyz\u00admat\u00adla\u00adry\u0148 k\u00f6\u00adpu\u00adgur\u00adly ek\u00adwi\u00adwa\u00adlen\u00adti\u00addir. H\u00e4\u00adzir\u00adki za\u00adman jem\u00adgy\u00ad\u00fde\u00adti\u00adni pul\u00adsuz g\u00f6z \u00f6\u0148\u00fc\u00adne ge\u00adtir\u00admek kyn. Bu adam\u00adza\u00addy\u0148 i\u0148 m\u00f6\u00adh\u00fcm a\u00e7y\u015f\u00adla\u00adry\u00adny\u0148 bi\u00adri\u00addir. \u00d6s\u00fc\u00ad\u015fi\u0148 ir\u00adki d\u00f6\u00adw\u00fcr\u00adle\u00adrin\u00adde adam\u00adlar pul\u00adsuz hem \u00fda\u00ad\u015fap\u00addyr\u00adlar. Ola\u00adry\u0148 mu\u00ad\u0148a ze\u00adrur\u00adly\u00adgy hem bol\u00adman\u00addyr, \u00e7\u00fcn\u00adki il\u00adki\u00addur\u00admu\u015f jem\u00adgy\u00ad\u00fde\u00adtin\u00adde ho\u00adja\u00adlyk tebigy \u00fdagda\u00fdda bo\u00adlup, on\u00adda \u00e4h\u00adli ze\u00adrur zat\u00adlar \u00f6n\u00add\u00fc\u00adri\u00adlip\u00addir. \u00dd\u00f6\u00adne adam\u00adzat jem\u00adgy\u00ad\u00fde\u00adti\u00adni\u0148 \u00f6s\u00fc\u00ad\u015fi bi\u00adlen dur\u00admu\u015f\u00adda \u00e4h\u00adli ze\u00adrur zat\u00adla\u00adry ta\u00fd\u00ad\u00fdar\u00adla\u00admak bar\u00adha kyn\u00adla\u00ad\u015fyp, adam\u00adlar pul\u00adsuz g\u00f6\u00adni ha\u00adryt aly\u015f-\u00e7a\u00adl\u00ad\u015fy\u00adgy\u00adny \u2013 bar\u00adte\u00adri \u00fdo\u00adla go\u00ad\u00fdup\u00addyr\u00adlar. \u015eu\u00adnu\u0148 bi\u00adlen bir\u00adlik\u00adde, \u00f6n\u00fc\u00admi\u0148 nyr\u00adhy hak\u00adda\u00adky pi\u00adkir, \u00fdag\u00adny, bir ha\u00adry\u00addy\u0148 be\u00fd\u00adle\u00adki bir ha\u00adry\u00adda bo\u00adlan gat\u00adna\u00ad\u015fy\u00adgy\u00adny\u0148 de\u0148\u00adli\u00adgi ba\u00adra\u00adda\u00adky d\u00fc\u00ad\u015f\u00fcn\u00adje \u00fd\u00fc\u00adze \u00e7y\u00adkyp\u00addyr.
\n\u00dd\u00f6\u00adne e\u00fd\u00ad\u00fd\u00e4m, adam\u00adza\u00addy\u0148 \u015fol ta\u00adry\u00adhy d\u00f6w\u00adr\u00fcn\u00adde tebigy aly\u015f-\u00e7al\u00ad\u015fy\u00adgy\u0148 m\u00fcm\u00adkin\u00ad\u00e7i\u00adli\u00adgi \u00fde\u00adter\u00adlik bol\u00adman\u00addyr we olar k\u00f6p\u00adta\u00adrap\u00adly t\u00f6\u00adleg se\u00adri\u015f\u00adde\u00adsi\u00adni\u0148 g\u00f6z\u00adle\u00adgin\u00adde bo\u00adlup\u00addyr. Il\u00adkin\u00adji pul\u00adlar \u00fd\u00f6\u00adri\u00adte ta\u00fd\u00ad\u00fdar\u00adla\u00adn\u00adman\u00addyr. D\u00fcn\u00ad\u00fd\u00e4\u00adni\u0148 d\u00fcr\u00adli se\u00adbit\u00adle\u00adrin\u00adde pul h\u00f6k\u00adm\u00fcn\u00adde d\u00fcr\u00adli zat\u00adla\u00adry ula\u00adnyp\u00addyr\u00adlar. \u015ee\u00fd\u00adle\u00adlik\u00adde, k\u00f6p \u00fdurt\u00adlar\u00adda ha\u00fd\u00adwan\u00adlar, ola\u00adry\u0148 de\u00adri\u00adle\u00adri, \u00fd\u00fc\u0148 we \u015fu\u00ad\u0148a me\u0148\u00adze\u015f\u00adler ha\u00adryt pu\u00adly h\u00f6k\u00adm\u00fcn\u00adde has gi\u0148\u00adden \u00fda\u00fd\u00adrap\u00addyr.
\nG\u00fc\u00adnor\u00adta Ame\u00adri\u00adka\u00adda we Okea\u00adni\u00ad\u00fda ada\u00adla\u00adryn\u00adda d\u00fcr d\u00e4\u00adne\u00adsi we ba\u00adlyk\u00adgu\u00adlak, T\u00e4\u00adze Ze\u00adlan\u00addi\u00ad\u00fda\u00adda de\u00ad\u015fikli da\u015f\u00adlar pul h\u00f6k\u00adm\u00fcn\u00adde hyz\u00admat edip\u00addir. Ga\u00addy\u00admy Hy\u00adta\u00fd\u00adda mi\u00adla\u00addy\u00addan 2 m\u00fc\u0148 \u00fdyl ozal, pul bir\u00adli\u00adgi h\u00f6k\u00adm\u00fcn\u00adde Kau\u00adri atly moll\u00ad\u00fdusk ba\u00adlyk\u00adgu\u00adlak\u00adla\u00adry ula\u00adny\u00adlyp\u00addyr. Ta\u00adry\u00adhy ta\u00fd\u00addan uzak\u00adda bol\u00adma\u00addyk d\u00f6\u00adw\u00fcr\u00adde XVIII asyr\u00adda AB\u015e-da ga\u00addy\u00admy in\u00adde\u00fd pu\u00adly \u2013 wam\u00adpum\u00adlar ula\u00adny\u015f\u00adda bo\u00adlup\u00addyr. Olar \u00fc\u00fdt\u00adge\u00ad\u015fik mon\u00adjuk\u00adlar\u00addan yba\u00adrat bo\u00adlup, muk\u00adda\u00adry, \u00f6l\u00ad\u00e7e\u00adgi we re\u0148\u00adki bo\u00ad\u00fdun\u00ad\u00e7a ki\u00admi\u0148 ki\u00adme n\u00e4\u00ad\u00e7e\u00adr\u00e4k ha\u00fd\u00adwan de\u00adri\u00adsi\u00adni we be\u00fd\u00adle\u00adki ha\u00adryt\u00adla\u00adry ber\u00adme\u00adli\u00addi\u00adgi\u00adni kes\u00adgit\u00adl\u00e4p\u00addir.
\nWag\u00adty\u0148 ge\u00e7\u00adme\u00adgi bi\u00adlen pu\u00adlu\u0148 ro\u00adly kem-kem\u00adden de\u00adm\u00adre ge\u00ad\u00e7ip\u00addir. Olar il\u00adki\u00adba\u015f\u00adda d\u00f6rt gy\u00adra\u0148\u00adly de\u00admir\u00adden yba\u00adrat bo\u00adlup, so\u0148\u00adra me\u00adtal\u00addan \u00fda\u00adsa\u00adlan na\u00adla, pe\u00fd\u00adka\u00adma, \u00e7\u00fc\u00ad\u00fde we gap-ga\u00e7\u00adla\u00adra ge\u00ad\u00e7ip\u00addir. \u015eu\u00adnu\u0148 \u00fda\u00adly \u201cHa\u00adryt \u00f6n\u00fcm\u00adle\u00adri\u201d \u015fol d\u00f6\u00adw\u00fcr\u00adde m\u00f6\u00adh\u00fcm \u00f6s\u00fc\u015fe e\u00fde bo\u00adlup, olary\u0148 s\u00f6w\u00adda\u00adny\u0148 gi\u0148den \u00fda\u00fdba\u0148lanmagynda d\u00fc\u00fdp\u00adli \u00e4h\u00admi\u00ad\u00fde\u00adti bo\u00adlup\u00addyr.
\nTa\u00adryh\u00ad\u00e7y\u00adla\u00adry\u0148 tas\u00adsyk\u00adla\u00adma\u00adgy\u00adna g\u00f6\u00adr\u00e4, \u015fa\u00ad\u00fdy pul\u00adla\u00adry\u0148 il\u00adkin\u00adji g\u00f6r\u00adn\u00fc\u015f\u00adle\u00adri mi\u00adla\u00addy\u00addan VII asyr \u00f6\u0148, ga\u00addy\u00admy Li\u00addi\u00ad\u00fda \u015fa\u00adly\u00adgyn\u00adda hem-de Hy\u00adta\u00fd\u00adda \u00fd\u00fc\u00adze \u00e7y\u00adkyp\u00addyr. \u015ee\u00fd\u00adle hem \u00fd\u00f6\u00adri\u00adte ni\u00ad\u00fdet\u00adle\u00adnip \u00e7y\u00adka\u00adry\u00adlan Mi\u00adlet pul ul\u00adga\u00admy \u2013 i\u0148 ga\u00addy\u00admy pul bir\u00adli\u00adgi ha\u00adsap\u00adlan\u00ad\u00fdar. Li\u00addi\u00ad\u00fda\u00adly\u00adlar da\u015f\u00adky g\u00f6r\u00adn\u00fc\u00ad\u015fi we ag\u00adra\u00admy bo\u00ad\u00fdun\u00ad\u00e7a bir\u00adme\u0148\u00adze\u015f bo\u00adlan \u015fa\u00ad\u00fdy pul\u00adla\u00adry ta\u00fd\u00ad\u00fdar\u00adlap\u00addyr\u00adlar. Mi\u00adla\u00addy\u00addan V asyr \u00f6\u0148 pars pa\u00adty\u00ad\u015fa\u00adsy Da\u00adri\u00fd I \u00f6z \u00fdur\u00addun\u00adda bar\u00adte\u00adri \u00fda\u00adty\u00adryp, umu\u00admy me\u00adtal\u00addan edi\u00adlen pul\u00adla\u00adry res\u00admi do\u00adla\u00adny\u00ad\u015fy\u00adga gi\u00adri\u00adzip\u00addir. Olar al\u00adty\u00adny\u0148 we k\u00fc\u00adm\u00fc\u00ad\u015fi\u0148 er\u00adgi\u00adnin\u00adden zik\u00adge\u00adle\u00adnip\u00addir. H\u00e4\u00adzir\u00adki wagt\u00adda E\u00fd\u00adra\u00adny\u0148 ga\u00addy\u00admy Per\u00adso\u00adpo\u00adlis \u015f\u00e4\u00adhe\u00adri\u00adni\u0148 ga\u00ad\u00fda \u00fdaz\u00adgy\u00adla\u00adryn\u00adda bu ta\u00adry\u00adhy wa\u00adka ba\u00adra\u00adda g\u00fcr\u00adr\u00fc\u0148 be\u00adril\u00ad\u00fd\u00e4r.
\n\u00dd\u00f6\u00adne bu pul\u00adla\u00adry\u0148 ba\u00adry mi\u00adla\u00addy\u00addan IV asyr \u00f6\u0148, Alek\u00adsandr Ma\u00adke\u00addons\u00adki\u00adni\u0148 do\u00adlan\u00addy\u00adran d\u00f6w\u00adr\u00fcn\u00adde zik\u00adge\u00adle\u00adnen al\u00adtyn \u015fa\u00ad\u00fdy\u00adlyk\u00adlar bi\u00adlen \u00e7al\u00ad\u015fy\u00adry\u00adlyp\u00addyr. \u015eol d\u00f6\u00adw\u00fcr\u00adde pul\u00adlar di\u00ad\u0148e gym\u00admat\u00adly me\u00adtal\u00adlar\u00addan we al\u00adtyn\u00addan \u00fda\u00adsa\u00adlyp\u00addyr. Ha\u00adky\u00adkat\u00adda, ola\u00adry\u0148 gym\u00adma\u00adty \u00fda\u00adsa\u00adlan ma\u00adte\u00adria\u00adly\u00adny\u0148 ba\u00adha\u00adsy\u00adna ba\u00adra\u00adbar bo\u00adlup\u00addyr.
\nPu\u00adly al\u00adtyn\u00addan \u00fda\u00adsa\u00adma\u00adgy\u0148 k\u00f6p se\u00adb\u00e4p\u00adle\u00adri bo\u00adlup\u00addyr. \u00c7\u00fcn\u00adki al\u00adtyn pos\u00adlap dar\u00adga\u00adma\u00ad\u00fdar we \u00f6m\u00adri uzak bol\u00ad\u00fdar. Al\u00adtyn pul\u00adlar \u00f6z\u00fc\u00adni\u0148 h\u00fcm\u00adme\u00adti\u00adni ga\u00ad\u00e7yr\u00adman\u00addyr we is\u00adlen\u00addik \u00fdurt\u00adda onu\u0148 ba\u00adha\u00adsy bo\u00adlup\u00addyr. E\u00fd\u00ad\u00fd\u00e4m, \u015fol d\u00f6\u00adw\u00fcr\u00adler\u00adden ba\u015f\u00adlap al\u00adtyn \u015fa\u00ad\u00fdy\u00adlar d\u00fcn\u00ad\u00fd\u00e4 de\u00adre\u00adje\u00adsin\u00add\u00e4\u00adki wal\u00ad\u00fdu\u00adta bo\u00adlup\u00addyr. Al\u00adtyn \u015fol wagt\u00adlar\u00addan ba\u015f\u00adlap, t\u00e4 XX asy\u00adra \u00e7en\u00adli d\u00fcr\u00adli de\u00adre\u00adje\u00adler\u00add\u00e4\u00adki pu\u00adlu\u0148 ro\u00adlu\u00adny o\u00fd\u00adnap\u00addyr.
\n\u015eol d\u00f6\u00adw\u00fcr\u00adler\u00adden ba\u015f\u00adlap, Hy\u00adta\u00fd\u00adda me\u00adtal \u015fa\u00ad\u00fdy pul\u00adla\u00adry zik\u00adge\u00adl\u00e4p\u00addir\u00adler. \u201cNo\u00admi\u00adnal\u201d (ta\u00adkyk\u00adla\u00adnan, bel\u00adle\u00adnen ba\u00adha) \u00fda\u00adly d\u00fc\u00ad\u015f\u00fcn\u00adje\u00adler gi\u00adri\u00adzi\u00adlip, pul onu\u0148 \u00fd\u00fc\u00adz\u00fcn\u00adde g\u00f6r\u00adke\u00adzi\u00adlen ba\u00adha\u00addan has ar\u00adzan \u00e7y\u00adka\u00adry\u00adlyp ba\u015f\u00adla\u00adnyp\u00addyr. G\u00fcn\u00adba\u00adtar \u00ddew\u00adro\u00adpa il\u00adkin\u00adji me\u00adtal pul\u00adlar Gre\u00adsi\u00ad\u00fda\u00addan ge\u00adti\u00adri\u00adlip\u00addir. Olar, esa\u00adsan hem, \u00fdyg\u00adna\u00admak \u00fc\u00e7in ni\u00ad\u00fdet\u00adle\u00adnip, be\u00adzeg \u00fc\u00e7in ula\u00adny\u00adlyp\u00addyr. G\u00fcn\u00adba\u00adtar \u00ddew\u00adro\u00adpa\u00adda pul do\u00adla\u00adny\u00ad\u015fy\u00adgy di\u00ad\u0148e VII asyr\u00adda pe\u00fd\u00adda bo\u00adlup\u00addyr. \u015eol d\u00f6\u00adw\u00fcr\u00adler\u00adde pu\u00adlu\u0148 we\u00adzi\u00adpe\u00adsi\u00adni \u00fde\u00adri\u00adne \u00fde\u00adti\u00adren wi\u00adzan\u00adti\u00ad\u00fda we arap k\u00fc\u00adm\u00fc\u015f \u015fa\u00ad\u00fdy pul\u00adla\u00adry has gi\u0148\u00adden \u00fda\u00fd\u00adrap\u00addyr.
\nD\u00fcr\u00adli \u00fdurt\u00adla\u00adry\u0148 ta\u00adry\u00adhy\u00adny\u0148 bel\u00adli bir d\u00f6\u00adw\u00fcr\u00adle\u00adrin\u00adde d\u00fcr\u00adli se\u00adb\u00e4p\u00adle\u00adre g\u00f6\u00adr\u00e4, me\u00adtal\u00addan edi\u00adlen pul\u00adlar ula\u00adny\u015f\u00addan ga\u00adlyp, s\u00f6w\u00adda \u00fde\u00adne-de ha\u00adryt pul\u00adla\u00adry gi\u00adri\u00adzi\u00adlip\u00addir. \u015ee\u00fd\u00adle\u00adlik\u00adde, XII-XIV asyr\u00adlar\u00adda Rus\u00adda \u201c\u015fa\u00ad\u00fdy pul\u00adsuz\u201d d\u00f6\u00adw\u00fcr bo\u00adlup\u00addyr. Onu\u0148 se\u00adb\u00e4\u00adbi bol\u00adsa, da\u00ad\u015far\u00addan k\u00fc\u00adm\u00fc\u015f gel\u00adme\u00adgi ke\u00adsi\u00adlip\u00addir. Rus\u00adda il\u00adkin\u00adji \u015fa\u00ad\u00fdy pul\u00adlar kn\u00fdaz Wla\u00addi\u00admi\u00adri\u0148 (960-1015) d\u00f6w\u00adr\u00fcn\u00adde zik\u00adge\u00adle\u00adnip\u00addir. Ga\u00adla\u00adpyn, bu \u015fa\u00ad\u00fdy pul\u00adlar\u00adda kn\u00fda\u00adzy\u0148 \u015fe\u00adki\u00adli go\u00fd\u00adlup\u00addyr.<\/p>\n
Nur\u00adje\u00admal Go\u00fd\u00adma\u00addo\u00adwa, Bal\u00adkan we\u00adla\u00ad\u00fda\u00adty\u00adny\u0148 Ser\u00addar \u015f\u00e4\u00adhe\u00adrin\u00add\u00e4\u00adki 2-nji or\u00adta mek\u00adde\u00adbi\u0148 mu\u00adgal\u00adly\u00admy.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
M\u00e4\u00adlim bol\u00ad\u015fu\u00adna g\u00f6\u00adr\u00e4, pul mah\u00adsus bo\u00adlan ha\u00adryt we be\u00fd\u00adle\u00adki ha\u00adryt\u00adla\u00adry\u0148 hem-de hyz\u00admat\u00adla\u00adry\u0148 k\u00f6\u00adpu\u00adgur\u00adly ek\u00adwi\u00adwa\u00adlen\u00adti\u00addir. H\u00e4\u00adzir\u00adki za\u00adman jem\u00adgy\u00ad\u00fde\u00adti\u00adni pul\u00adsuz g\u00f6z \u00f6\u0148\u00fc\u00adne ge\u00adtir\u00admek kyn. Bu adam\u00adza\u00addy\u0148 i\u0148 m\u00f6\u00adh\u00fcm a\u00e7y\u015f\u00adla\u00adry\u00adny\u0148 bi\u00adri\u00addir. \u00d6s\u00fc\u00ad\u015fi\u0148 ir\u00adki d\u00f6\u00adw\u00fcr\u00adle\u00adrin\u00adde adam\u00adlar pul\u00adsuz hem \u00fda\u00ad\u015fap\u00addyr\u00adlar. Ola\u00adry\u0148 mu\u00ad\u0148a ze\u00adrur\u00adly\u00adgy hem bol\u00adman\u00addyr, \u00e7\u00fcn\u00adki il\u00adki\u00addur\u00admu\u015f jem\u00adgy\u00ad\u00fde\u00adtin\u00adde ho\u00adja\u00adlyk tebigy \u00fdagda\u00fdda bo\u00adlup, on\u00adda \u00e4h\u00adli ze\u00adrur zat\u00adlar \u00f6n\u00add\u00fc\u00adri\u00adlip\u00addir. \u00dd\u00f6\u00adne adam\u00adzat jem\u00adgy\u00ad\u00fde\u00adti\u00adni\u0148 […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":4386,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[8],"tags":[],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/zamanturkmenistan.com.tm\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4385"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/zamanturkmenistan.com.tm\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/zamanturkmenistan.com.tm\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zamanturkmenistan.com.tm\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zamanturkmenistan.com.tm\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=4385"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/zamanturkmenistan.com.tm\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4385\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zamanturkmenistan.com.tm\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/4386"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/zamanturkmenistan.com.tm\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=4385"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zamanturkmenistan.com.tm\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=4385"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zamanturkmenistan.com.tm\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=4385"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}